In Silico Spectral Investigation of Methemoglobin and Sulfhemoglobin Effects on Human Skin Reflectance
نویسندگان
چکیده
There are several pathologies whose study and diagnosis is impaired by a relatively small number of documented cases. A practical approach to overcome this obstacle and advance the research in this area consists in employing computer simulations to perform controlled in silico experiments. The results of these experiment, in turn, may be incorporated in the design of differential protocols for these pathologies. Accordingly, in this paper, we investigate the spectral responses of human skin affected by the presence of abnormal amounts of two dysfunctional hemoglobins, methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin, which are associated with two life-threatening medical conditions, methemoglobinemia and sulfhemoglobinemia respectively. We analyse the results of our in silico experiments, and discuss their potential applications to the development of more effective noninvasive differentiation and monitoring procedures for these medical conditions. References and links 1. P. Agache, “Main Skin Physical Constants”, in Measuring the Skin, P. Agache and P. Humbert, eds. (SpringerVerlag, 2004), 747-757. 2. E. Angelopoulou, “Understanding the color of human skin”, in Human Vision and Electronic Imaging VI, B.E. Rogowitz and T.N. Pappas, eds. (SPIE, vol. 4299, 2001), 243-251. 3. G.V.G. Baranoski, and A. Krishnaswamy, Light and Skin Interactions: Simulations for Computer Graphics Applications (Morgan Kaufmann, 2010). 4. W.A.G. Bruls and J.C. van der Leun, Forward scattering properties of human epidermal layers, Photochem. Photobiol., 40, 231-242 (1984). 5. R.L. Burden and J.D. Faires, Numerical Analysis (PWS Publishing Company, 1993). 6. A.J. Cunnington, S.F.W. Kendrik, B. Wamola, B. Lowe and C.R.J.C. Newton “Carboxyhemoglobin levels in Kenyan children with Plasmodium Falciparum malaria”, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 71(1), 43-47 (2004). 7. B.L. Diffey, “A mathematical model for ultraviolet optics in skin”, Phys. Med. Biol., 28(6), 647-657 (1983). 8. J.R. Feiner and J.W. Severinghaus and P.E. Bickler, “Dark skin decreases the accuracy of pulse oximeters at low oxygen saturation: the effects of oximeter probe type and gender”, Anesth. Analg., 105(6), S18-S23 (2007). 9. R. Flewelling, “Noninvasive optical monitoring”, in The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, J.D. Bronzino, ed. (IEEE Press, 1995), 1346-1356. 10. T. Gambichler and S. Boms and M. Stücker and A. Kreuter and G. Moussa and M. Sand and P. Altmeyer and k. Hoffmann, “Epidermal thickness assessed by optical coherence tomography and routine histology: preliminar results of method comparison”, JEADV 20, 791-795 (2006). 11. A.S. Gopalachar, V.L. Bowie and P. Bharadwaj, “Phenazopyridine-induced sulfhemoglobinemia”, Ann. Pharmacol., 39, 1128-1130 (2005). 12. L. Gharahbaghian, B. Massoudian, and G. DiMassa, “Methemoglobinemia and sulfhemoglobinemia in two pediatric patients after ingestion of hydroxylamine sulfate”, Western J. Emergency Med. X:3, 197-201 (2009). 13. S. Haymond, R. Cariappa, C.S. Eby and M.G. Scott, “Laboratory assessment of oxygenation in methemoglobinemia”, Clin. Chem. 51(2), 434-444 (2005). 14. A. Hennessy and C. Oh, B. Diffey, K. Wakamatsu, S. Ito and J Rees, “Eumelanin and phoemelanin concentrations in human epidermis before and after UVB irradiation”, Pigm. Cell Res. 18, 220-223 (2005). 15. S.L. Jacques, C.A. Alter and S.A. Prahl, “Angular dependence of HeNe laser light scattering by human dermis”, Lasers Life Sci. 1(4), 309-333 (1987). 16. S.L. Jacques, “Origins of tissue optical properties in the uva visible and nir regions”, OSA TOPS on Advances in Optical Imaging and Photon Migration, 2, 364–369 (1996). 17. S.L. Jacques, “Optical Absorption of Melanin” (Oregon Medical Laser Center, 2001). 18. N. Kollias and A. Baqer, “On the assessment of melanin in human skin in vivo”, Photochem. Photobiol. 43(1), 49-54 (1986). 19. A. Krishnaswamy and G.V.G. Baranoski, “A biophysically-based spectral model of light interaction with human skin”, Comput. Graph. Forum 23(3), 331-340 (2004). 20. R. Lee, M.M. Mathews-Roth, M.A. Pathak and J.A. Parrish, “The detection of carotenoid pigments in human skin”, J. Invest. Dermatol. 64, 175-177 (1975). 21. J. Lee, N. El-Abaddi, A. Duke and A.E. Cerussi, M Brenner and B.J. Tromberg, “Noninvasive in vivo monitoring of methemoglobin formation and reduction with broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy”, J. Appl. Physiol. 100, 615-622 (2006). 22. S. Li, “Biologic biomaterials: Tissue-derived biomaterials (collagen)”, in Biomaterials Principles and Applications, J. Park and J. Bronzano, eds. (CRC Press, 2003), 117-139. 23. C.R. Martin and J.P. Cloherty, “Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia”, in Manual of Neonatal Care, J.P. Cloherty, E.C. Eichenwald and A.R. Stark, eds.(Wolters Kluwer, 2008), 181–212. 24. E.J. McCartney, Optics of the Atmosphere: Scattering by Molecules and Particles (John Wiley & Sons, 1976). 25. F.E. Nicodemus, J.C. Richmond, J.J. Hsia, I.W. Ginsberg and T. Limperis, “Geometrical Considerations and Nomenclature for Reflectance” in Physics-Based Vision Principles and Practice: Radiometry, L.B. Wolf, S.A. Shafer and G.E. Healey, eds. (Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1992), pp. 94-145. 26. K.A. Nelson and M.A. Hosteler. “An infant with methoglobinemia”, Hosp. Phys., 62, 31-38 (2003). 27. NPSG,“Run BioSpec Online”, http://www.npsg.uwaterloo.ca/models/biospec.php (2011). 28. P.A. Öberg, “Optical sensors in medical care”, Sensors Update 13, 201-232 (2004). 29. S. Prahl, “Optical Absorption of Hemoglobin” (Oregon Medical Laser Center, 1999). 30. S. Prahl,“PhotochemCAD Spectra by Category” (Oregon Medical Laser Center, 2001). 31. L. Randeberg, J. Bonesr nning, M. Dalaker, J. Nelson and L. Svaasand, “Methemoglobin formation during laser induced photothermolysis of vascular skin lesions,” Laser. Surg. Med., 34, 414-419 (2004). 32. I.S. Saidi, Transcutaneous Optical Measurement of Hyperbilirubinemia in Neonates (PhD Thesis, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA, 1994). 33. O. Siggaard-Andersen, B. Norgaard-Pedersen, J. Rem. “Hemoglobin pigments spectrophotometric determination of oxy-, carboxy-, met-, and sulfhemoglobin in capillary blood”. Clin. Chim. Acta 72(1), 85-100 (1972). 34. J.D. Spikes, “Photodynamic reactions in photomedicine”, in The Science of Photomedicine, J.D. Regan and J.A. Parrish, eds. (Plenum Press, 1982), 113-144. 35. W. M. Star, “Light dosimetry in vivo,” Phys. Med. Biol. 42, 763-787 (1997). 36. P.S. Talreja, G.B. Kasting, N.K. Kleene, W.L. Pickens and T. Wang, “Visualization of the lipid barrier and measurement of lipid pathlength in human stratum corneum”, AAPS PharmSCi. 3(2), 1-9 (2001). 37. N. Thalmann, P. Kalra, J.L. Lévêque, R. Bazin, D. Batisse and B. Querleux, “A Computational skin model: fold and wrinkle formation”, IEEE T. Inf. Technol. B. 6(4) 317-323 (2002). 38. V. V. Tuchin, Tissue Optics Light Scattering Methods and Instruments for Medical Diagnosis (The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, 2007). 39. M.J. Vrhel, R. Gershon, and L.S. Iwan, “Measurement and analysis of object reflectance spectra”, Color Res. Appl. 19(1), 4-9 (1994). 40. B. D. Ventura, C. Lemerle, K. Michalodimitrakis, and L. Serrano, “From in vivo to in silico biology and back”,” Nature 443, 527-533 (2006). 41. E. Wolak, F.L. Byerly, T. Mason and B.A. Cairns, “Methemoglobinemia in critically ill burned patients”, Am. J. Crit. Care 14(2), 104-108 (2005). 42. A.N. Yaroslavsky, A.V. Priezzhev, J. Rodriquez, I.V. Yaroslavsky and H. Battarbee, “Optics of blood”, in Handbook of Optical Biomedical Diagnostics, V.V. Tuchin, ed. (SPIE-Press, 2002). 43. I. H. Yarynovska and A.I. Bilyi, “Absorption spectra of sulfhemoglobin derivatives of human blood”, in Optical Diagnostics and Sensing VI, G.L. Cotê and A.V. Priezzhev, eds. (SPIE 6094, 2006), 1-6.
منابع مشابه
On the noninvasive optical monitoring and differentiation of methemoglobinemia and sulfhemoglobinemia.
There are several pathologies whose study and diagnosis is impaired by a relatively small number of documented cases. A practical approach to overcome this obstacle and advance the research in this area consists in employing computer simulations to perform controlled in silico experiments. The results of these experiments, in turn, may be incorporated in the design of differential protocols for...
متن کاملThe Relation of Methemoglobin to the Cyanosis
We have stated in a preliminary report that the cyanosis observed in individuals treated with sulfanilamide is due to methemoglobin, and rarely, to sulfhemoglobin (1). We recognized at the time that attempts had been made to explain the presence of cyanosis on a different basis.. Marshall and Walzl (2) maintained that a black pigment derived from sulfanilamide, and present in the blood, was the...
متن کاملThe Occurrence of Methemoglobinemia during Sulfanilamide Therapy.
The presence of methemoglobin, more rarely sulfhemoglobin, in the blood of patients treated with sulfanilamide has been reported by many investigators (1 a-f). Evelyn and Malloy (2), using their photoelectric colorimeter, found both these pigments but felt they were not responsible for the " cyanosis." Wendel (3), using his visual spectroscopic method (4), found methemoglobin and (occasionally)...
متن کاملEffects of long-term exposure to hydrogen sulfide on human red blood cells.
BACKGROUND Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) exhibits both physiological and toxicological roles in the biological systems. Acute exposure to high levels of H2S is life threatening while long-term exposure to ambient levels of H2S elicits human health effects. OBJECTIVE To study the harmful effects of long-term exposure to low levels of H2S on human blood cells. METHODS 110 adult workers from Iran who...
متن کاملCauses and clinical significance of increased methemoglobin
The principal function of the protein hemoglobin contained in red blood cells is transport of oxygen in inspired air from lungs to tissue cells. Although normally present in only trace amounts, there are three species of hemoglobin that cannot transport oxygen. The three species, collectively called the dyshemoglobins because of their functional redundancy, are: carboxyhemoglobin, sulfhemoglobi...
متن کامل